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There’s a lot of compelling evidence for the Big Bang, but what preceded it? The most accepted model is called Inflation, but it’s not the kind of inflation that Alan Greenspan needs to fear.  Physicists define the boundaries of physics by trying to describe them theoretically and then testing that description against observation. Our observed … What came before the...

Why can’t we just build an accelerator to test the predictions of string theory? Because the obstacles are much bigger than money or social commitment. This section uses units where (Planck’s constant)/2p and the speed of light = 1. This choice of units is called natural units. With this choice, mass has units of inverse … Unification and distant scales-...

Here’s a nice loophole: not all of the predictions from string theory take place at the unreachable Planck scale. Supersymmetry could give us a window on the Planck scale using currently available technology. One troubling aspect of spontaneously broken gauge field theories based on the Higgs mechanism of giving mass to gauge bosons is that … Supersymmetric standard model Read...

The Special theory of Relativity (shortly, Special or Restricted Relativity, RE), first published by Albert Einstein in 1905, describes the physics of motion in the absence of gravitational fields. Before it, most physicists believed that Isaac Newton’s classical mechanics, based on the so-called relativity of Galileo (origin of the mathematical equations known as Galileo transformations), … Special theory of relativity...

Digital therapeutics imрrоving оur mediсine оr reрlасing it? Whаt if а рill соuld be substituted by аn арр оr deviсe…? This mаy sоund like а futuristiс tорiс, but it’s асtuаlly а very reаl орtiоn. The mаin sоlutiоn tо imрrоving drug dоsing соuld be digital therapeutics. Аnd nоt аt аll tо tаke drugs! А mоdern саtegоry … Digital therapeutics today- Role,...

Find out how and why string theory modifies the spacetime equations of Einstein.  If string theory is a theory of gravity, then what is the relationship between strings, gravitons and spacetime geometry? Contents1 Strings and gravitons2 Strings and spacetime geometry3 What about strings and black holes?4 Is spacetime fundamental? Strings and gravitons    The simplest case … Space time and string...

What is a black hole like? How were they first discovered? How do astronomers know if they’re seeing one? Since the Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990, there have been many observations of what are believed to be black holes, including the photograph below of a suspected black hole in the heart of the … Properties of Black holes...

Contents1 What is the Standard Model of Particle Physics?1.1 Matter Particles1.2 Means of Forces1.3 Higgs Boson2 Limitations of Standard Model of Particle Physics What is the Standard Model of Particle Physics? A theory explaining the relationships between known fundamental interactions between elementary particles that make up all matter is the standard model of particle physics. … Particle Physics Standard Model...

Our solar system consists of the sun and all of its orbiting objects. Orbiting objects include: the planets and their orbiting moons and rings; asteroids, comets, meteors and meteorites; particles of dust and debris. The sun, which keeps all the other objects in orbit with its immense gravitational pull, accounts for 99.8 percent of the … Facts about all 8...

This is the last book of the famous popularizer of science, astronomer and astrophysicist Carl Sagan, which was published after his death. In it, the scientist considered the issues related to various pseudo-scientific theories and popular misconceptions among the commoners. The book consistently and vividly exposes myths about Atlantis and Lemuria, clarity and various manifestations … “The Demon-Haunted World: Science...

The bosonic string world sheet action for a string propagating in flat 26-dimensional spacetime with coordinates Xm(s,t) can give rise to four different quantum mechanically consistent string theories, depending on the choice of boundary conditions used to solve the equations of motion. The choices are divided into two categories: A. Are the strings open (with … How many String theories...

The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy and Liberation: The Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and Other BA Buy on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3bq21Sn Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism, and a few other spiritual thoughts originated out of Asia and the Middle East and some are older than the Hebrew, Christian and Islamic … How Did Buddhism Develop...

The brain is a mysterious, marvelous organ and extremely complex. Everyone’s brain has billions of neurons that are continuously sending signals to each other permitting us to experience sensations and emotions, to sleep, to recall memories, to focus on important meetings or exams, and also permits us to just relax.  Our brain is the source of everything that occurs in your … Making of a Healthy...

The skeleton is one of the most important human systems that maintains the standing position of the body against the force of gravity. The human skeleton naturally develops in the gravitational field of an earth, and its bony structure is designed to withstand the forces acting on it. The outer layer of bone is called … The effect of solar...

Before addressing the history and philosophy of animal travel in space, we have to go a little back to the age of space and when humankind had not yet fulfilled its ambition to fly. Curiosity is part of the unchangeable nature of humankind placed in it as a gift. This is why human beings are … Animals in Space Read...

Frank Derekis director of the Carl Sagan Center at SETI Institute, located in California, USA, where he was the founder of the Esma project, in which they listened to two stars, Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani, following radio waves emitted from extraterrestrial intelligent organisms. The two stars are approximately 12 light-years from Earth and are approximately the same … Searching Extraterrestrial Creatures Read...

All the controversy ended and all the wars and quarrels between astronomers over whether or not a number of Kuiper belt objects were planets were over. Pluto was removed from the list of planets by a new criterion presented at the meeting of the International Astronomical Society. Pluto is a distant object that has been … Why was Pluto removed...

Contents1 Wandering mines2 Who owns the space3 The value of mining in asteroids Wandering mines All the rock objects in the solar system are made up of a single rotating mass belonging to when the sun was a baby star. Mercury, Venus, Mars, and asteroids orbiting Mars and Jupiter all have the same origin, so … Mining in the Solar...

The temperature of an object actually measures the degree of agitation of the molecules that compose it. The more an object is hot, the more its molecules are agitated by rapid and erratic movements; this is called the thermal agitation. It is said that an object is at a temperature of absolute zero when its … What is Thermal Agitation...

What is the Frequency of a Wave? Radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, infrared light, all these names describe, in fact, the same phenomenon: The electromagnetic waves. An electromagnetic field surrounds us always, in the same way that air surrounds us. Electromagnetic waves are disturbances in the electromagnetic field, as the sound is a disturbance of air … Frequency of Electromagnetic Waves...

Contents1 Introduction to Cosmology2 How long has man studied cosmology?3 What were early cosmologists hoping to find?4 How did cosmology begin to understand the universe accurately?5 What difference did the invention of the telescope make to cosmology?6 How did Newton and his falling apple advance cosmology?7 How did the discovery of Uranus further cosmology?8 Who … What is Cosmology? Cosmology...

The Standard Model of particle physics has been well measured from almost every angle. Here’s a scorecard of the results. The currently accepted and experimentally well-tested theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions is called the Standard Model. The Standard Model is based on relativistic quantum gauge field theory. When physicists in the 1920s tried to … Relativistic quantum gauge field...

There are certain aspects of science that simply cannot be denied, no matter how much some people might try to deny them. For example, there are some people today that deny the fact that the earth is round.  Today, we’re going to take a look at the simplified version of the theory of relativity, a … Einstien’s theory of relativity...

A Bible-based assumption of a few thousand years was made by Isaac Newton. Einstein believed in a World that was steady-state, ageless. Since then, somewhere in the centre, data obtained from the Universe places the probable response. Contents0.1 First Ingredient: Quantum mechanics0.2 Second ingredient: relativity1 Conclusion: the Universe is expanding2 How old? First Ingredient: Quantum … How Old is the...

The Einstein equation predicts several possible ways for the Universe to evolve in time and space. What are these predictions, and how do they equate themselves to observation? The starting point of a theoretical exploration of cosmology is the Einstein equation with a metric of the form It is possible to divide the spacetime modelled by this equation conveniently … What is the structure...

Once special relativity was on the firm observational and theoretical footing, it was appreciated that the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics was not Lorentz invariant, therefore quantum mechanics as it was so successfully developed in the 1920s was not a reliable description of nature when the system contained particles that would move at or near … Why String theory? Read...

The great challenges of today’s science require infrastructures and monstrous investments, among which are the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) – the particle accelerator that started on 10 Sept 2008, the most powerful in the world -, the Pierre Auger Observatory – the largest cosmic ray detector of the moment-, the Cassini Huygens probe – the … LHC and other particle...

This baryonic matter that is so well known to us, at its most basic scale, is composed of quarks and usually accompanied by leptons. Leptons (such as electrons or neutrino) are subatomic particles that are subject to electromagnetism, gravity, and weak interaction, but not strong interaction (which is the strongest force in the universe, laying … What is Antimatter? Read...

It is difficult to say what is real and what is imaginary, what is a new discovery vs vivid illusion. Ideas, concepts, inventions, predictions, foretelling of the future, extrasensory perceptions, parapsychology and such things, all involve vivid imaginative or a mindset free to roam and accept what things arrive within it, rather than putting them … Reality and imagination quote...

Contents1 What is the difference between classical physics and quantum physics?1.1 Drawbacks of Classical Physics Theory2 Particle Physics2.1 History3 Quantum Uncertainty What is the difference between classical physics and quantum physics? Physics that studies and explains the phenomena that occur in the domain of atoms, their nuclei, and elementary particles are called quantum; and the … Classical Physics vs Quantum...

The General Theory of Relativity was published by Albert Einstein in 1915. The General Theory of Relativity is the accepted name published by Albert Einstein in 1915 for the theory of gravity. The force of gravity is a representation of the local geometry of space-time, according to the General Theory of Relativity. While the modern … What is General theory...

If different string theories are related, then maybe they represent different limits of a bigger, more fundamental theory. To understand the presence of objects in string theory that are not strings, but higher dimensional objects, or even points, it helps to know the formulation of Maxwell’s equations in the language of differential forms, because this … Is there a more...

In this article we will be talking about third law of Thermodynamics: Absolute zero, Cryogenics, Adiabatic demagnetization. Change of properties. Applications. Microscopic foundations of thermodynamics. The second principle suggests that an absolute temperature scale with absolute temperature zero occurs. The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that no procedure consisting of a finite number of steps can reach absolute … Third Law of Thermodynamics-...

Quantum mechanics turns black holes from cold, eternal objects into hot shrinking thermodynamics. Physicists wondered: Is there a microscopic origin for black hole entropy? If the Four Laws of Black Hole Physics looked familiar, it’s because they sound just like the Four Laws of Thermodynamics, which are: The Four Laws of Thermodynamics 0 The temperature … How Black hole relates...

Volcanoes can throw a hot rock over 20 miles. Residue from the volcano can spread over 100 miles. If you live near a volcano, even if it is inactive, prepare to leave at a moment’s notice if the volcano is going to erupt. Just because there are a lot of rumbling and false alarms in … Volcanoes: Survival Guide Read...

If you are on a ski resort or mountainous or hilly area, you can face a potential hazard if it snows or rains. In the case of rain-induced mudslides, consult the recommendations under floods, but also keep in mind tips with a snow induced avalanche. Most of the time there will be a warning posted … Avalanche: Survival Guide Read...

If you live near a chemical plant, highway, or train, you are in danger of a potential chemical accident involving either a solvent type substance, gaseous and vaporous, oily and all possibly highly flammable. If you live in any of these areas, it could happen although the incidents are rare. You should have a plan … Hazardous Chemical Accidents Read...

Physics is a huge subject that covers many different topics going from galaxies in the depths of space right down to subatomic particles. And if you don’t already know physics it’s difficult sometimes to see how all these different subjects are related to each other. In this article, we are going to show that in … Map of Physics Read...

The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt is located primarily in North-Eastern Africa.  It covers an area of about 1,020,000 square kilometers and includes the Sinai Peninsula, but the majority of the country is located in North Africa. It shares land boundaries to the west with Libya, to the south with Israel on … All about Egypt Read...

About 130 million years ago, in a galaxy far, far away, emitting gravitational waves, two neutron stars collided. LIGO employees have been waiting for such an event since the launch of an improved version of the interferometer in 2015. A hundred years later, after Einstein suggested the existence of gravitational waves, we saw them, traced … Gravitational waves from merging...

Contents0.1 Is reality an Illusion?0.2 Quantum reality theory1 According to Louis de Broglie:  Is reality an Illusion? Quantum theory can only be expressed in mathematical terms and describes matter as an abstraction. In this sense, matter does not inhabit a specific space or time; it is prevalent throughout the Universe and in a constant discontinuous, … What is Real? Quantum...

Fast Facts Approximate distance from the Earth to Sun = 93 million miles (149 million km) Distance from the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy = 30,000 light-years Main components = hydrogen and helium Period of rotation = 25.4 days Equatorial diameter = 1.4 million km or 865,000 miles Relative size to Earth = 109 … Interesting facts about the...

The early species of life in the Sky or the earth’s atmosphere’s stratosphere layer, somewhere 30 km high on the planet’s surface, have led to new theory of the creation and evolution of life on the planet. Alongside these ambitious theories have been made public how bacteria and ground viruses can ride soft air waves … Life over earth atmosphere:...

What is Dark matter? Dark matter is a major component of Cosmology and Astrophysics. In the first case, the cosmological models of galactic evolution are based on this dark matter that does not emit or block light. Since it is assumed that it constitutes 85% of the total matter, the models are based on this … Does Milky way contain...

A brief study of Galaxy, Stars and Constellations Contents1 What is a galaxy?2 Galaxy Forms3 Facts of Milky Way4 Andromeda Fast Facts5 Stars5.1 So what are stars really? 5.2 How is a star born?5.3 How does a star keep shining?5.4 How does a star end its life?5.5 What is a black hole?6 Constellation6.1 What is a … Galaxies, Stars & Constellations...

WASHINGTON, U.S. and European scientists are teaming up to study one of the universe’s most elusive secrets — mysterious “gravity waves” that result when enormous objects collide in space. What they learn could shed new light on an old concept, that collisions between galaxies or stars create waves of gravity just as explosions produce bursts … Gravity Waves Read More...

Mind power is one of the most influential and most useful powers a person possesses. This power consists of our thoughts. The thoughts that pass through our mind are responsible for everything that happens in our

We have heard of the term ‘Law of Attraction’. Lets understand it from top to bottom. Contents1 What is the Law of Attraction?2 How the Law of Attraction Works?2.1 Law of attraction explained [Spiritual]- 2.2 Law of attraction explained [Scientific]- 3 How to apply the Law of Attraction?4 Law of Attraction quotes5 Law of Attraction … The Law Of Attraction...

Contents1 What is maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory?2 Biography of Abraham Maslow2.1 Abraham Maslow theory2.1.1 Humanists beliefs2.2 MASLOW’S PYRAMID3 Theory of Motivation examples3.0.1 1. Physiological Needs3.0.2 2. Safety Needs3.0.3 3. Love/Belonging Needs3.0.4 4. Esteem Needs3.0.5 5. Self Actualization Needs4 SELF-ACTUALIZATION Explained4.1 Self-Actualization definition4.1.1 So does that tie into personality?4.1.1.0.1 Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization … 5 Levels of Maslow’s...

Lorentz transformations, within the theory of special relativity, are a set of relationships that account for how the measurements of a physical magnitude obtained by two different observers are related. These relationships established the mathematical basis for Einstein’s theory of special relativity since the Lorentz transformations specify the type of space-time geometry required by Einstein’s … Lorentz Transformation Equation &...

A law on energy conservation and, in exchange, a definite description of heat is the first law of thermodynamics. The amount of energy transferred to a system in the form of heat plus the amount of energy transferred in the form of work on the system must be equal to the increase in internal energy(U) … First law of Thermodynamics...

The Second Law of Thermodynamics provides for a precise description of a property called entropy. Entropy can be seen as a measure of how close a system is to equilibrium. It can also be seen as a measure of (spatial and thermal) disturbance. The second thermodynamics notes that the entropy, that is, an individual system’s … Second Law of Thermodynamics-...

Astronomy was of interest to Kepler from an early age, but smallpox transferred in childhood hit the future scientist’s eyes hard and seriously limited him in his ability to independently conduct observations. However, interest in science has not been lost. While studying at the university in Tübingen, Kepler got acquainted with the heliocentric system of … Kepler’s Laws on the...

The development of computer technology has helped bring the modelling of the evolution of our universe to a qualitatively new level. Scientists received new information about the influence of black holes on the distribution of dark matter, learned more about the formation and propagation of heavy elements in space, as well as about the origin … IllustrisTNG – Most perfect...

HOW DID THE UNIVERSE BEGIN? HOW DID WE GET HERE? WHERE ARE WE GOING? ARE WE ALONE?

Processing scientific data requires enormous power, but the number of supercomputers available is very limited. However, a significant part of the calculations can be broken down into small tasks that a home computer can handle. The BOINC project is a complex of programs designed to organize distributed computing.It was originally created in 2002 for the … BOINC: A Distributed Computing...

Everything in this universe is manifested to our eyes and instruments in two well-known forms: matter and energy. This simple fact, which is true to how far we have come to observe – and at this point, we have come to observe very far – has given rise to numerous scientific, philosophical and even theological … Matter and Energy Read...

A high wind in itself is not the danger, it is the fact that it blows debris around, shreds buildings and sends heavy objects to become heavy missiles is where the danger lies. These storm systems are usually accompanied by heavy rain, hail, and thunderstorms. Before these things occur, have a plan for survival. The … Tornado, Hurricane, and High...

Reasons why Big Bang theory is wrong Cyclic Model of Universe proves Big bang theory wrong. Let’s take a theoretical block of the Cosmos that contains 100 billion light-years of space. In the middle of that giant block of the cosmos, we will put Edwin Hubble and his telescope. When Hubble looks in both directions … Cyclic Model of Universe...

Particle physicists have a habit that on the face of it seems to violate physics. They set the values of natural constants such as the speed of light and Planck’s constant to the number one. How can they do this? It’s because the relationship between units by which we measure length, time and energy is … 3 Natural units and...

In ancient times, people imagined our planet in different ways: the inhabitants of Babylon believed that they lived on one of the slopes of the “world” mountain surrounded by the sea; in India, the Earth was considered a hemisphere that rests on the backs of elephants; the ancient Egyptians saw the world as a valley … Measuring the radius of...

This book is not about science, but about a scientist – a Nobel laureate, a famous American physicist and a talented teacher. The collection of autobiographical stories was first published in 1985 by WW Norton, edited by Ralph Leighton, and quickly became a bestseller with a warm welcome from critics. The book was published in … Surely You’re Joking, Mr....

It is not easy being a kid, especially in the Junior High ages where kids can be awfully cruel to others in an attempt to hide their own insecurities. When you are the target of a bully, life can be hell. Bullies are not just confined to the schoolyard. Even adults have to deal with … Protecting Yourself From Bullying...

Learning is not a strange term or word in human life daily because this word is famous and well – known as the part of studying as if every person suddenly knew well about the meaning of learning. Meanwhile, if it is asked to ourselves, then a question would appear about what is the meaning … Theory of Learning Read...

Cyclic Universe Theory The Universe functions as a cycle. We can first look at how physics equations actually operate to better understand the Universe Cycle. The three factors that go into the equation are there. Balance- There needs to be balance. Equation should have a balance or equality on both sides. The difference- There must be opposites between the two sides of the equation. That … Facts of Universe Cycle/Oscillating...

Is Light Particle or Wave? Bohr considered electrons as particles and light as a wave in his development, Einstein’s concept of the existence of two theories of light (waves and particles) which had not been connected in a logical way had already been accepted. Then another renowned scientist appears Louis de Broglie, who suggested a … Wave Particle duality of...